Wuthering Heights - Socio-His essays

Wuthering Heights - Socio-His essays Wuthering Heights - Socio-Historical Background Wuthering Heights During the nineteenth century England experienced a flood of migrants into the capital city of London-330,000 to be exact. Of these 330,000, 46,000 came from Ireland to escape famine and, ultimately, death. Migrants continued to take over the city and by the year 1881, London"s population had increased from one million to about 4.5 million. Unemployed workers swarmed the city in hopes to find jobs in the new industrialized economy. Development flourished in London; the invention of trams, underground and overground railways meant shorter journeys to the workplace. This new industry drew people from all parts of the world and soon caused severe overcrowding. Areas of London that were once the "wealthy" areas of society became the "slums" and made up what is now referred to as public housing. Along with the emergence of this "industrial revolution" came a class- conscious society. The hierarchy of London broke down into four major classes- the aristocrats, the middl e class, the working class, and the poor class. The new London would benefit the wealthy and the middle class but exploit and oppress the working and poor classes. Although the Industrial Revolution benefited the overall economy of England and other parts of the world, it also caused an eruption of pollution, poverty, and crime. In the factories, workers were kept for long hours, worked under hazardous conditions, and received low wages. They often times had no money to support their families, so many were reduced to shoplifting, robbery, and sometimes drugs and alcohol to escape the daily trials of lower class life. There was an increase in crime patterns amongst the poor people of England, and a new law enforcement emerged. In 1829 the Metropolitan Police was created to enforce the law and punish those who decided to break it. Eventually the crime rate declined, and life in England became safer. The Pa ...

How to Kill a Tree Without Chemicals

How to Kill a Tree Without Chemicals Killing a tree is hard work, particularly if you avoid using chemical assistance. You have to cut off a trees water, food and/or sunlight at a critical time in its life cycle to do the job. Herbicides work by gumming up or shutting down a trees working parts to deprive the plant of one or more of the above.   Using the Bark Trees can be killed without herbicides or chemicals but extra time, patience, and understanding of tree anatomy are necessary. You most especially need to know about the function of a trees inner bark- cambium, xylem, and phloem- and how they combine forces to affect a trees life.   The bark is a trees most vulnerable body part above ground and the easiest target for an effective kill. Damaging enough roots to kill the tree quickly is complicated and hard to do without using chemicals. The bark is made up of cork and phloem which protects the cambium and xylem. Dead xylem cells carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and are considered the trees wood. Phloem, a living tissue, carries manufactured food (sugars) from the leaves to the roots. The cambium, which is a moist layer only a few cells thick, is the regenerative layer that gives birth to xylem on its inside and phloem to its outside. Destroying the Bark If the food-transporting phloem is severed all the way around the tree (a process called girdling), food cannot be carried to the roots and they will eventually die. As the roots die, so does the tree. Periods of rapid growth, usually from March until June in North America, are the best times to girdle a tree. These spring growth spurts are when tree bark slips. The phloem and cork layer easily peels free, leaving the cambium and xylem exposed. Remove as wide a section of bark as you have time to make an adequate girdle ring. Then scrape (or chop) into the surface of the xylem to remove the cambium. If any cambial material remains, the tree will heal by overgrowing the girdle. The best time to girdle is before the trees leaf out. The process of leafing out will deplete energy stores from the roots, which stores cannot be renewed if the phloem conduit has been interrupted. Avoid the Sprout Some trees are prolific sprouters and produce adventitious twigs near an injury. If you dont remove or kill the entire root, you just may have to control these sprouts. Sprouts coming out below the girdle must be removed as they will continue the process of feeding the roots if left to grow. When you are removing these sprouts, it is a good idea to check the girdled strip and remove any bark and cambium that may be trying to bridge the wound. Even cutting a tree down cant guarantee it will be killed. Many tree species, particularly some deciduous broad-leaf species, will sprout back from the original stump and root system.

Assignment 5-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 5-2 - Essay Example Mistakes are relatively low on cost and therefore, less serious. Creative or lateral thinking is an alternative perspective on the situation; and thus the problem and solution states can be interpreted differently from how most people see it. This leads to an alternate style of responding to the problem. A novel solution can often seem more interesting, and people are likely to become involved in the process with more enthusiasm; thereby leading to a greater chance for success. Which style of information processing should be used in a given situation or is more likely to succeed should be chosen carefully by the person seeking to solve a problem they face in the workplace. In the present scenario, vertical processing and problem solving techniques were used to resolve a reoccurring problem in the office. It was noted that attendance of employees dropped drastically when there was a particular type of sporting event involving major regions or the country. During the previous sport sea son, there was a distinct drop in the productivity of the set-up. When another season was due; this history became a major concern for the manager. It was decided that a few key employees should be involved in finding a solution to the problem of reduced productivity. Upon discussion, it was found that the younger employees are more likely to want to take a day of to watch sports. After this conversation, it was decided that certain key playing days should be announced half – day working on the promise that other day’s would not be affected. Accordingly, a notice was circulated amongst the staff so that they feel motivated enough to come for the rest of the days without taking an unannounced (impromptu) holiday. On understanding the process of using lateral thinking it was believed that there could be other alternatives to the solution to this problem. First of all the assumptions made when evaluating the problem were tested. The manager found that the assumption that all productivity dropped on these target days was untrue. Only certain members of the staff were implicated in this situation. The other assumption that distraction was due to the game was also challenged, since the rest of the staff was not interested in abstaining from coming to work, or working at the same level a s any other day. If a reasonable number of staff were not planning to watch sports, they could easily continue work. But it is rather unfair to give free time only to a few employees because they want to watch a sport. Thus, a more right question needs to be asked by the manager as to what options are there so that it is a win – win situation for all. A new and alternate approach to the situation is to tune the cafeteria television to the Sports channel, and allow the employees watch the game for its said time-period. This option, though unconventional, at least keeps the employees at work, and only those who wish to see them do view the sports. Also, in the even t that another employee needs them to be around when getting a task done; this work will not stagnate due to the unavailability of the employee in question. Although any screen which can be connected to the office can be used to relay the match to the employees; it makes logical sense to select the one in the cafeteria, as the noise and cheering will not trouble other employees who may not be interested in the game. The vertical process comes most naturally to most employees, since

Extract from The Arrogance of Power (1966) by William J. Fulbright Essay

Extract from The Arrogance of Power (1966) by William J. Fulbright - Essay Example In William J. Fulbright’s essay, the author lays his ideas in a logical way basing his arguments on both past and present events. The author also looks at the main factors behind the strength and the threat facing America by not only incorporating his opinions, but also using the facts and the personal researches. Thus, it is safe to say that Fulbright’s essay is successful as it gives several valid factors to support the author’s point of argument. First, the essay is successful because of its logical arrangement. The author looks at America in the past and America in the present. For example, in the author’s analysis of American history, he argues that America is deeply rooted in democratic institutions. Though the author is looking at the present situation of America, he looks into her history in order to justify her present situation. The historical analysis of America in comparison to other nations like Russia and Germany that rose and fell because of their desire to dominate the world makes the essay not focus on opinions, but rather documented and historical facts (Brown 252). By applying historical analysis of the world events and America, in particular, the author adds validity to his essay and his arguments appear more valid than if he had just embarked on discussing America’s failure. For this reason, it can be argued that the argument is logically valid because it gives readers a good reason to accept what the writer has put forward. Secondly, the author makes his essay successful through the tactical use of tone. The author’s tone is that of concern, and he sounds honest about the situation in America. He analyses the positive aspects of America and clearly highlights his fears for her. For example, Fulbright argues that America may be taking the steps by embarking on commitments such as peace solving irrespective of her intent. The author also highlights his concerns over America

Jacob Lawrence Essay Example for Free

Jacob Lawrence Essay 1.0 Background Jacob Lawrence, one of the most important artists of the 20th century and best known for his series of narrative paintings depicting important moment in African American history was born on 7th September 1917 in Atlantic City (pbs.org, para. 1). He spent a portion of his childhood life in Pennsylvania after which his parents separated in 1924. Jacob and his siblings went with the mother to New York and settled in Harlem. He was introduced to art at his teen age when his mother enrolled him in Utopia Children’s center which provided an after school art program in Harlem. By 1930’s he could participate in the art programs at the Harlem Art Workshop and the Harlem community art centre, where he got a chance to meet leading American artists of the time such as Augusta Savage and Charles Alton, the director of Harlem workshop at the time and who later became a professor of art at Howard University (pbs.org, para.1). Having trained as a painter at the Harlem workshop inside the New York Public Library’s 113 5th street branch, and despite being much younger than   most of the artists and other writers who took part in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s, Lawrence was a force to recon with (Hughes, para.2). He was not interested in the type of idealized and fake primitives of blacks otherwise referred to as the Noble Negroes in art Deco guise, as they were usually produced as an antidote to the stereotypical racists. He gained confidence particularly from Alain Locke, who was a Harvard trained artist and also the first black Rhodes scholar in America. Locke strongly believed in the pieces of work done by blacks, as it could speak explicitly to African-Americans while still embodying value as well as self critical powers of modernism. Precisely, Locke believed that, â€Å"There is in truly great art in no essential conflict between racial or national traits and universal human valu es† (Hughes, para. 2). 2.0 The work of Jacob Lawrence Lawrence became well known at the age of 21 years when he did his â€Å"Toussant L’Ouverture Series†, a 41 painting collection that depicted a successful rebellion by the Haitian slaves. Three years later at the age of 24, his work became the first from an African American to be included in the permanent collection of the New York Museum of Modern Art (Lawrence, para. 1). Lawrence therefore considered himself to be both an artist and an educator. He used his art to tell stories about the black American history as he felt that this was being overlooked in the teaching of history in America. For instance, Lawrence did a forty panel series which he called â€Å"The Life of Harriet Tubman† who in the 1800s had helped many slaves in the north to free through an Underground Railroad (Sernett, pp. 218). From his childhood, Lawrence had been steeped in stories about movement and migration and therefore with encouragement from Locke, he worked hard to get historical background and related facts right. Months of research in the Schomburg Collection of the Public Library which is the chief archive of African American life and history in New York, saw the realization of his other piece of work, â€Å"Migration Series† which could help trace the mass influx of African Americas from the south to the North as a result of World War I. The two series are known for use of detailed titles and creative images to create narrative history of events (Lawrence, para. 2). Additionally, the series are notable for lack of language use. The author was in no way a propagandist. He however advocated for front social realism which was at its peak in America at the time as evidenced by labor camps, prisons, deserted villages, city slums and race riots which were mainly his subject matter. Lawrence attributed his success to his black experience which was his heritage, more so as far as black Americans struggle to secure independence and justice was concerned. Even during adult hood, he extended this theme to include all human struggles for liberty, and although each of his paintings evidenced his sense of humor as well as human pain and misery, they offered hope for the human condition. In 1937, Lawrence secured a two-year scholarship to the American artist school, where he studied with the   Wilson, Philip Riesman and Eugene Moreley before marrying one of the pupil of Savage who was also a west Indian painter, Gwendolyn Knight in 1941.This scholarship took him out of Harlem but he still maintained a close contact with the community which was the focus of his work as evidenced by his work â€Å"Street Scene Restaurant†, â€Å"Street orator†, â€Å"Interior† and â€Å"Interior scenes† which were shown in 1938. Other notable work that was done by Lawrence were a 32 painting series, â€Å"The Frederic Douglass† and the 22 panel   series that he painted while on honeymoon in 1941. In the explosive 1960s, Lawrence painted what most critics have called his work of â€Å"Protest† in favor of civil rights struggle in the South. In one of his paintings, â€Å"The ordeal of Alice†, he showed a black girl dressed in white trying to get into a newly desegregated school in the South but demonic tormentors attack her with arrows in a scene that is common only with religious martyrs. In the late 1960s though, Lawrence progressed from portraying racial injustice into showing racial harmony. At this time he did his series, â€Å"Builders†, which showed both whites and blacks working together in building projects, scenes which could be interpreted to mean rebuilding the society. Despite the changing trends, both political and in artistic field, Lawrence remained true to his own original and creative path until his death in June 9, 2000 (Sernett, pp. 82). 3.0 His work compared with others A comparison between the work of art done by Jacob Lawrence and that of other artists of his time reveals a lot of difference, with most these differences inclined to Lawrence’s outstanding. While most of the artists, especially those doing watercolor paintings like him, are usually inclined to beauty and elegance, Lawrence was different. Even the most recent artists such as Thomas Deir, despite making  Ã‚   the highest sale of $ 10,000 in the Waikiki gallery, do not seem to belong to the same school of thought with Jacob Lawrence (hawaiiart.com). The work of Lawrence, despite bringing out beauty, also carries some real life meanings as far as human life is concerned. The â€Å"Toussant L’Ouverture Series†, for example is a series that is not only elegant but also carries success. Depicting a successful rebellion by slaves, especially at the time when slave trade and slavery accompanied with a lot of other human misery was rampant, the painting can be said to carry more than Thomas Dier’s   â€Å"Mokulua Milky Way   valued at   over $2000† as far as   human values and relevance   is concerned (hawaiiart.com). Other renowned artists such Judy Abott or Michelle Amatrula, though recognized for making huge sales from their pieces of work, do not address contemporary issues like Lawrence does. The other artist who could in away compares to Jacob Lawrence is Martin Johnson Heade (1819-1904) who is particularly known for his Luminists landscape particularly of the storms and marshes in South America as well as still life paintings. Martin Johnson Heade (originally Heed) was equally a talented artist of the nineteenth century. He is remembered for   his flora, fauna and landscape paintings that do not only have a rich effect of color and light but could also portray some poetic sentiments. Lawrence however still appears to outweigh Heade in what can be drawn from a critical analysis of their work. Put in simple terms, while the work from both artists share beauty, Lawrence has some educative aspect injected into his work. By all definitions, Lawrence was better than most of the other artists of the time as evidenced by the numerous awards and credit that goes to his name. In 1974, the Whitney Museum of American Art held a major retrospective of the work done by Lawrence which later resulted to his election to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1983, while in 1977, he received an invitation to paint during the inauguration of Jimmy Carter. In May 2007, the White House Historical Association bought Lawrence’s â€Å"Builders† shown below for $2.5 million at auction. This painting today hangs in the white House Green Room (Crehan, para.5). 4.0 Conclusion Jacob Lawrence is probably one of the best artists that ever appeared on the face of earth. His work reveals a rare talent that he recognized and exploited fully. Despite being a black American, he beat all odds to become one of the best artists of the 21st century while the plight of fellow black Americans remained a dear concern to his heart. This is what his work addressed.  Jacob Lawrence is no doubt a legend whose life deserves recognition by and over generations while his artistic work will continue to demand respect over centuries.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Child Maltreatment

â€Å"The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act† states’ that â€Å"child abuse is the leading cause of death in children under the age of eighteen.† Child abuse occurs when adults inflict violence and cruelty upon children. Abuse is any willful act that results in physical, mental, or sexual injury that causes or is likely to cause the child to be physically, mental, or emotionally impaired. Abuse happens to children of any age, sex, race, religion, and social status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different types of child abuse. There is maltreatment and sexual abuse. Maltreatment is an area that encompasses many different things, such as physical abuse, child neglect, and emotional abuse. Physical abuse may begin with â€Å"shaken – baby syndrome† and escalate to routine spanking, stabbing, punching, hitting, beating, biting, burning, and any other thing that harms a child. The adult doing this may not intend to cause harm, but it is still abuse. Physical abuse may lead to brain damage, disfigurement, blindness, and even death. An average of 5.5 children per 10,000 enrolled in a day care are sexually abused. In the United States more than 125,000 children suffer injuries intentionally inflicted by their caretaker, and between 2,000 and 5,000 of these children die as a result of their injuries. In 1994 3.4 million cases of child abuse were reported. Child neglect is when a caregiver fails to give a child the care, and the supervision they need to stay physically and mentally healthy. Child neglect is when parents or the caregivers fail to provide for the children’s basic needs such as clothing, food, shelter, and so on. Child neglect takes many forms such as physical, educational, and emotional neglect. Physical neglect can be seen as a refusal or delay to provide medical attention to a child. If an infant or child is not bathed or kept clean, this is physical neglect. Abandonment, kicking a minor out of the house, lack of parental supervision, leaving the child unattended, or not allowing a runaway to return home may also be seen as physical neglect. Educational neglect includes allowing your child to become truant, not enrolling them in school, or depriving them of special education classes if they need it. Along with their physical needs, children also have emotional needs. All children should have a safe and stable ho me environment where they are loved and nurture... ...; a teen line for kids age 11 – 19; a crisis information – referral center for adults age 18 and older; and the last part is the information center, which gives out general information on child abuse. Each section is staffed by Certified Crisis Specialists that have gone through extensive training. ICAN can be found online, where you can access information submitted by professionals. Corrine A. Fraund and Sue A. Meier founded ICAN. Because they are a non – profit organization any donations would be greatly appreciated and used. For further information you can call 1-888 224-4226 or send a donation to: International Child Abuse Network Yes ICAN 7657 Winnetka Avenue #155 Canoga Park, CA 91306-2677 References Bierker, Susan B. About Sexual Abuse. Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas, 1989. Calam, Rachel. Child Abuse and its consequences: observational approaches. Cambridge, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Hopper, Jim, Ph.D. Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources. http: www.jimhopper.com/abstats/ Martina, Harold P. The Abused Child: a multidisciplinary approach to developmental issues and treatment. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub. Co., 1976.

Analysis Sometimes The Sky’s Too Bright

Thomas describes the thoughts and feelings of falling out of a broken relationship with metaphors like the profusion of images and things. The poem has also explored the perspectives of both parties in the failed relationship. It also uncovers the facades of the â€Å" over fruitful smiles† as it describes the genuine feelings underneath. â€Å" Sometimes the sky’s too bright† denotes that submission is the only thing left to do after a broken relationship. The metaphor of the sky and the wildlife of it describes the love the persona is in.â€Å" Sometimes the sky’s too bright,† shows how sometimes love can be too intense and too glaring as described by â€Å" bright†. Also, â€Å" or has too many clouds or birds† illustrates the obstructions in the sky, blocking the view where birds and clouds are the metaphors of the different obstacles and blurring a relationship can have. The persona is using these metaphors to paint a visual image of how a relationship is like the sky, unpredictable. When it’s clear, the future is vivid and distinct, however, clouds and bird may suddenly infest the view, blurring the road ahead of the relationship.The poem continues by â€Å" And far away’s too sharp a sun to nourish thinking of him. â€Å" In my opinion, this refers to how the persona thinks that the imminent future of her relationship is too clear for her to try and sculpt her future as described by â€Å" nourish† where it is used to describe the upbringing of the relationship she wants. As the first four lines proceeds together, the persona is trying to say that the relationship may sometimes be too precise and intense, it may also be too unclear and blurred, thus, she can not sculpt the perfect future of her love life, making her submit to reality.Through line 5 to line 15, the persona is expressing that she has no ability to change the way she still feels or to turn away from it, thus she makes t he selfish decision to wish her muse falls into the same depression the persona is in too. In line 9, ‘weightless’ is being used to describe the lips followed by the inability to ‘lift’ it in line 11. This intensifies the persona’s feeling of unworthy and defeat as she is not able to lift something that is weightless, which shows how useless the persona thinks of herself. In line 12, a juxtaposition ‘creature’ and ‘angel’ is being used to differentiate heart from mind.In my opinion, the persona tries to degrade her muse in attempt to get over him by calling him a creature who hurts her. She is able to change how she thinks of her muse however, she is unable to change how she sees him, evidently when ‘angel’ is used. Thus, the persona expresses her desire for her muse to also feel the way she does. When she isn’t able to ‘lift the weightless lips’ , she wishes him to also ‘go down in mis ery’. Line 16 narrates â€Å" No stopping. † This caesura shows determination in the persona to just submit to the facts. However, a hint of reluctance is observed as â€Å" No stopping. † instead of ‘stop. ’.The lengthening of the statement has a soft and submissive sound. Through this poem, the persona ventured from her personal feelings towards her muse, continued by accepting that she cannot change and thus hopes for her muse to fall in misery with her, and realizes eventually that the only thing one can do when falling out of love is to submit, which is the purpose of the poem. The tone of the poem is emotional and sentimental. The metaphors used are of nature, like the sky, clouds and birds. These visual imageries has a relaxing feeling, where there is no intense or dramatic emotion detected, making the poem very heartfelt and sincere.Also the diction of the poem showed no anger or strong feelings due to the lack of loaded words. The frequent use of metaphors indicated that the poem had many connotations showing the sentimental value of each metaphor. This gives the poem a very deep meaning that goes beyond the literal meaning of the words. Although the visual imager used does not show signs of dramatic emotion, the language use does. It is seen where â€Å" My horrid images for me† is used. ‘Horrid’ being used as an intensifier for ‘bad’ shows the discontent of the persona towards what lies before his eyes.It is filled with her distasteful emotions, proving that the poem is in fact emotional. Similarly, ‘ misery’, ‘burns’ and ‘tear’ are all loaded words used throughout the poem to intensify the adjectives used to describe the persona’s emotions. The use of such loaded words gives us an idea on the extent of the specific emotion. The language use in the poem is therefore emotional and impactful, yet not flamboyant. Finally, the lack of alliter ation and rhyming schemes suggests that the persona did not have smooth thoughts and emotions.Thus, the tone of the  poem is not uniform, but generally similar throughout. It is seen in line 7-15 that there is a hint of plead and sorrow in the persona’s tone, where she pleads for the hurt to be even. However, through line 16 to 19, the tones changed from sorrow and plead to determination and succumb, where she accepts reality and is focused on moving on. Henceforth, it can be seen that the poem is flooded with emotion and slightly differs as the poem progresses. There is a free structure to this poem where no fixed structure is being used to narrate the different emotions observed.However, there is still a progression as the poem continues form line to line, which gives the poem a narrated structure. The first 4 lines is used to describe how unpredictable a relationship can get. The next 4 lines is used to show how the persona has no ability to turn away from the hurt she f eels. Followed by the next 7 lines which is when the persona tries an alternative which is hoping her partner feels pain to make her feel better. Line 16-19 then clearly shows the persona’s decision to move on and her determination in that decision.Starting the next stanza is a change in perspective, from the female’s to the male’s where the first 5 lines shows the hurt he feels despite it being his actions, â€Å" I tear her breast†¦flowing from her, but mine. ’ The next 4 lines describes the persona’s inability to comprehend his own actions, followed by the last 2 line when he expresses that he does not ache although he feels pain which means that he cannot undo anything thus, no point aching. Henceforth, the free structure shows that relationships are not fixed, that they are always surprising.Also, the different number of lines used to describe each phase differs, as there is no telling how long each phase will last. Thus, although Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ Sometimes the sky’s too bright ‘ does not have a fixed stannic structure, it has a structure within its content to create an imagery of the different phases of emotions felt by the persona. In conclusion, the title ‘ Sometimes the sky’s too bright’ prepares the reader to expect a poem on the bad side of being too positive, which is congruent to the poem itself, where sometimes a relationship that is too precise and intense and lead the couple down a slippery slope.

Business plan on milk company Essay

India is a state declared backward area and is eligible for various Fiscal incentives. In kuvadva, the land is cheaply and easily. Here, taxation is also less. Other favourable reasons for the selection to this particular location are as under: 1. Raw Material: Sufficient raw materials like Milk, Flavour, Water, etc. , are easily available. 2. Market: From the marketing point of view, we have a good and encouraging market for our product. There is a good demand available for Flavoured Milk. 3. Labour: We have got stable labour force and right type of labour in adequate numbers at reasonable wage rates. 4. Transportation: Being Rajkot a big city, we can easily have availed the transportation facilities. 5. Availability of Infra- Structure facilities: All infra structural facilities like water, electricity, telephone, etc. are very easily available. 6. Other facilities: Other large number of facilities can be available at this place such as subsidy, loans at cheaper rate, etc. PRODUCT INTRODUCTION AND MARKET ANALYSIS Dairy industry is of crucial importance to India. The country is the world’s largest milk producer, accounting for more than 13% of worlds total milk production. It is the world’s largest consumer of dairy products, consuming almost 100% of its own milk production. Dairy products are a major source of cheap and nutritious food to millions of people in India and the only acceptable source of animal protein for large vegetarian segment of Indian population, particularly among the landless, small and marginal farmers and women. Dairying has been considered as one of the activities aimed at alleviating the poverty and unemployment especially in the rural areas in the rain-fed and drought-prone regions. In India, about three-fourth of the population live in rural areas and about 38% of them are poor. The progress in this sector will result in a more balanced development of the rural economy. The importance of milk in human diet especially for children and expectant and nursing matters is vital. To meet the demand of the increasing population milk production in India has to be increased. It is neither possible nor desirable to increase the cattle and buffalo population to achieve this target. This can only be achieved by stepping up milk production of our bovine population by cross breeding of cows and use of improved cows and cow. Today, dairy cows are specialized to produce large volumes of milk. Specialist scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required. Uses & Applications of Milk The term ‘milk’ refers to a heterogeneous mixture secreted by the healthy mammary glands containing fat, proteins and carbohydrates along with minerals and vitamins in the form of emulsion, colloidal suspension and true solution respectively in the continuous phase of water. In the other words milk may be defined as an emulsion of fat in a watery solution of sugar and mineral salts and with protein in a colloidal suspension. On storage of milk at some more temperature for some time, the acidity found increased to some extent and this increased acidity is known as Developed acidity. Milk is used as a food, Used as a complete food of infant, It is used to prepare curd, butter, ghee, cream and ice cream etc. , Milk is used in all homes, It is used in hotels and restaurants as milk food preparation and in the preparation of tea. Market Survey India is the world’s largest producer of dairy products by volume, accounting for more than 13% of world’s total milk production, and it also has the world’s largest dairy herd. The Indian Dairy sector acquired substantial growth momentum from 9th Plan onwards, achieving an annual output of 121. 8 (estimated) million tons of milk during 2010-11. This has not only placed the country on top in the world, but also represents sustained growth in the availability of milk and milk products for the growing population. The market is currently growing at round 5% pa in volume terms. There is an impressive level of processing i. e. 22% in organized sector. Major players in the dairy sector with dairy products include Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) and Nestle are the largest player. Other includes Milk food Limited, SmithKline Beecham Limited, Indodan Industries Limited, H. J. Heinz Limited, Britannia, Cadbury, etc. All other local dairy cooperatives have their local brands (For e. g. Gokul, Warana in Maharashtra, Saras in Rajasthan, Verka in Punjab, Vijaya in Andhra Pradesh, Aavin in Tamil Nadu, etc. ). Other private players include J K Dairy, Heritage Foods, Indiana Dairy, Dairy Specialties, etc. SOURCE OF RAW MATERIAL The one and only raw material on which the dairy plant functions is MILK. And as Gujarat has abundant livestock especially buffalo’s availability of the raw material is not a problem here. Fig. 1 Lower level or primary level milk producer’s co – operative make a collection of milk from member producers. Members’ producers are farmer owing cows of buffalos. They bring milk to primary level societies. The collection of milk through members’ producers standing in queue. An account of every member producer is maintained which contains the details regarding the fat content, quality and quantity of goods, time of collection and the payments due or outstanding. In case of quality of the co – operative must be alert so as to neglect. The collection of source milk and substandard milk. For pricing collected milk importance is given to quality. The milks’ prices are based on FAT and SNF. I. e. sold non-fat contents. It needs to consider the bacteria population in the milk for raw material paying milk price. Payment is done on daily or monthly bases depending upon co – operative policy and members’ preference. This milk is proportionately distributed and brought to milk processing plant. MACHINERIES 1. PASTEURIZER: Fig. 2 The pasteurizer consists of plate heat exchanger, balance tank, pump, hot water circulation system (including mixer of steam and water, hot water pump, steam adjusting valve and water level control) and computer system for pasteurisation program, CIP program, and temperature control. It is used in heating and cooling raw material. The pasteurizer is usually used in the process of milk, ice-cream, milk powder, fruit juice, and beverage, which is sensitive to heat. The material is pumped to the plate heat exchanger, then undergone preheating, holding, heat energy recover and cooling, which can keep the products original physical nature and taste. If the temperature is below the set degree, this is sensed by a temperature transmitter. A signal activates flow diversion valve and the material flows back to the balance tank, then the material is pasteurized again. The state of the pasteurization temperature is recorded on a disc of the recorder in process of pasteurization. 2. POLLY FILL MACHINE: The Polly fill machine helps to pack the milk into the achieves their bottles of various sizes. One such machine can pack 100 bottles of milk in one single minute. Fig. 3 PRODUCTION PROCESS Milk is processed through a process called pasteurization. In the process of pasteurization, the milk product is actually heated. The milk is heated in order to kill any bacteria that may be within the milk still. After the milk is pasteurized and all bacteria are killed off, the milk is then cooled and packaged and then shipped out to stores. Diagram 1 Dairy cattle are brought in twice a day and milked. Fig. 4 The cattle on this farm are fitted with microchip collars that register each individual cow as she enters the milking shed. This microchip identification allows the production figures to be collected & collated by computer for each cow. Each cow has its complete production for each location. Fig. 5 After milking, the milk is cooled and stored in refrigerated vats at four degrees Celsius until collected by the milk tanker. Milk is collected once a day. The tanker driver carries out preliminary tests to the milk, checking its smell, taste and that it has been refrigerated to four degrees Celsius. The failure to store at less than four degrees Celsius can result in the milk being bought at a reduced price or not at all. It is extremely important that milk remains refrigerated at all times to maintain product freshness. Because milk is a nutritious food, any bacteria that are present in milk will grow and multiply rapidly, particularly if the milk is not refrigerated. Fig. 6Fig. 7 At the milk factory the milk is pumped into holding tanks where it is held until the results of tests that are routinely carried out are known. These tests include: somatic cell counts, total plate count, butterfat percentage and protein percentage. The results of these tests help determine the price paid by the milk factory to the farmer. Fig. 8 PRODUCTION CAPACITY. Office equipment30,000 †¢TOTAL FIXED CAPITAL:Table no. 10 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value 1. Land37,00,000 2. Building17,50,000 3. Machinery and Equipment 9,35,000 4. Furniture 1,20,000 5. Office equipment 30,000 Total65,35,000 †¢TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL:Table no. 11 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value ( 1 month) RsTotal Value ( 3 month) Rs 1. Raw Materials9,08,00027,24,000 2. Salary and Wages 50,100 1,50,300 3. Utilities 14,000 42,000 4. Other expenses 14,000 42,000 Total9,86,10029,58,300 †¢TOTAL COST OF PROJECTTable no. 12 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Total Fixed Capital65,35,000 2. Total Working Capital ( For 3 Months)29,58,300. Total94,93,300 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT †¢SOURCES OF FINANCETable no. 13 Sr. no. ParticularsAmount Rs. Total Amount Rs 1. Promoter’s Contribution (71. 91% of total Capital required)68,26,300 2. Borrowed Capital(28. 09% of total Capital required) 12% of GSFC (50% of borrowed Capital) 12% of IDBI (50% of borrowed Capital) 13,33,500 13,33,500 26,67,000 Total94,93,300 †¢INTEREST ON CAPITALTable no. 14 Sr. no. ParticularsInterest RateTotal Value Rs. 1. GSFC Loan12%1,60,020 2. IDBI Loan12%1,60,020 3. Own Contribution9%6,14,367 Total9,34,407 PROFITIBILTY OF THE PROJECT (PER MONTH) †¢COST OF PRODUCTIONTable no. 15. Particulars1st year (60% Prod. Capacity)2nd year (80% Prod. Capacity)3rd year (100% Prod. Capacity) Variable Cost Raw material Wages Other expenses Utility 1,08,96,000 2,11,200 84,000 1,68,000 1,45,28,000 2,81,600 1,12,000 2,24,000 1,81,60,000 3,52,000 1,40,000 2,80,000 Total Variable Cost1,13,59,2001,51,45,6001,89,32,000 Fixed Cost Salary to Staff Depreciation Total interest paid Other expenses (50% of Office & Admin. Expenses) 3,90,000 4,31,250 9,34,407 84,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 12,45,876 84,000 3,90,000 2,89,490 15,57,345 84,000 Total Fixed Cost32,76,657 32,89,73833,59,912 Total Cost1,46,35,8571,84,35,3382,22,91,912. †¢COST SHEETTable no. 16 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year Raw Material Consumed Opening stock of R. M Add: Purchase of R. M. Less: Closing stock of R. M. – 1,08,96,000 – — 1,45,28,000 – — 1,81,60,000 – – Cost of Raw Material1,08,96,0001,45,28,0001,81,60,000 Add: Direct wages Utility Total2,11,200 1,68,000 3,79,2002,81,600 2,24,000 5,05,6003,52,000 2,80,000 6,32,000 Prime Cost1,12,75,2001,50,33,6001,87,92,000 Factory Overheads: Repairs and maintenance Supervisor Production manager Depreciation on Building Depreciation on Machinery 18,000 72,000 84,000 1,75,000 2,33,750 21,000 72,000 84,000 1,57,500 1,75,312. 24,000 72,000 84,000 1,41,750 1,31,484 Factory Cost5,82,7505,09,8124,53,234 Administrative Expense SALARY TO: Manager A / C Clerk Peon Watchman Depreciation Interest on borrowed loan 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 22,500 3,20,040 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 18,825 2,74,320 84,000 36,000 18,000 8,400 12,000 16,256 2,28,600 Administrative Cost5,00,9404,51,5454,03,256 Cost of Production1,23,58,8901,59,94,9571,96,48,490 Add: Op. stock of Finished goods Less: Cl. Stock of Finished goods- 1,10,0311,10,031 1,35,0541,35,054 1,91,740 Cost of Goods Sold1,10,0312,45,0853,26,794 Sales and Distribution expenses. Salary to Sales Manager Transportation Expenses Advertising & Publicity Expenses Sales Expenses 84,000 14,400 60,000 14,400 84,000 19,200 80,000 19,200 84,000 24,000 1,00,000 24,000 Total1,72,8002,02,4002,32,000 COST OF SALES1,24,21,6591,60,37,6421,97,43,284 SALES1,45,30,6441,94,85,1642,43,30,412 PROFIT21,08,98534,47,52245,87,128 †¢RAW MATERIAL:Table no. 17 Sr. no. Raw materialQuantityRateTotal amount Rs. 1. Milk60,000 liters40 per liter2,40,000 2. Bottles1,60,0005 per bottle6,50,000 3. Bottle caps60 cartons(3000 caps each)300 per carton18,000 Total9,08,000 †¢STAFF AND LABOUR SALARY AND WAGES:Table no. 18 Sr. No. ParticularsNo. of PersonTotal Value Rs. 1. Admin staff330,800 2. Skilled Worker49,000 3. Unskilled Worker810,300 Total 50,100 †¢UTILITIES:Table no. 19 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Power12000 2. Water2000 Total14000 †¢INTEREST ON CAPITALTable no. 20 Sr. no. ParticularsInterest RateTotal Value Rs. 1. GSFC Loan12%1,60,020 2. IDBI Loan12%1,60,020 3. Own Contribution9%6,14,367 Total9,34,407 †¢REPAYMENT OF BORROWED LOANTable no. 21 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year4th year5th year6th year7th year Total Loan (26,67,000)26,67,00022,86,00019,05,00015,24,00011,43,0007,62,0003,81,000 Less: Installment3,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,0003,81,000 Closing Balance22,86,00019,05,00015,24,00011,43,0007,62,0003,81,000NIL Total Interest on Borrowed Loan 3,20,040 2,74,320 2,28,600 1,82,880 1,37,160 91,440 45,760 †¢DEPRECIATION SCHEDULETable no. 22 Sr. No. Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year 1. Building (10%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance17,50,000 1,75,000 15,75,00015,75,000 1,57,500 14,17,50014,17,500 1,41,750 12,75,750 2. Machinery (25%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance9,35,000 2,33,750 7,01,2507,01,250 1,75,313 5,25,9375,25,937 1,31,484 3,94,453 3. Furniture (15%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance1,20,000. 18,000 1,02,0001,02,000 15,300 86,70086,700 13,005 73,695 4. Office and Equipment (15%) Less: Depreciation Closing Balance30,000 4,500 25,50025,500 3,825 21,67521,675 3,251 18,424 †¢OTHER EXPENSES:Table no. 23 Sr. No. ParticularsTotal Value Rs. 1. Postage and stationery1000 2. Repair and Maintenance1500 3. Advertising and Publicity5000 4. Transport Charges1200 5. Insurance and Taxes2000 6. Sales Expenses1200 7. Telephone Expenses1500 8. Miscellaneous Expenditure600 Total14000 OPERATING STATEMENT Table no. 24 Particulars 60%80%100% Sales (A)1,45,30,6441,94,85,1642,43,30,412 Cost Of Production Raw Material Utility Wages Total Cost. ADD: Opening Stock of Finished goods LESS: Closing Stock of Finished goods Total Operating Cost (B) 1,08,96,000 1,68,000 2,11,200 1,12,75,200 – 1,10,031 1,11,65,169 1,45,28,000 2,24,000 2,81,600 1,50,33,600 1,10,031 1,35,054 1,50,08,577 1,81,60,000 2,80,000 3,52,000 1,87,92,000 1,35,054 1,91,740 1,87,35,314 GROSS PROFIT (A – B = C) 33,65,475 44,76,587 55,95,098 Indirect Expense: Other Expense (Fixed) (Variable) Salary to staff Depreciation Total Indirect expense (D) 84,000 84,000 3,90,000 4,31,250 24,85,750 84,000 1,12,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 22,09,412 84,000 1,40,000 3,90,000 2,41,295 19,90,762 EBIT (C –D = E)8,79,72522,67,17536,04,336. Interest on own Capital Interest on Borrowed Loan Total Interest (F)6,14,367 3,20,040 9,34,407 6,14,367 4,26,720 10,41,087 6,14,367 5,33,400 11,47,767 EBT (E – F = G)(-) 54,68212,26,08824,56,569 LESS: Tax (40%)————4,90,4359,82,628 EATNIL7,35,65314,73,941 RATIO ANALYSIS PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS RETURN ON INVESTEMENT = EBIT x 100 Total Capital Investment (For the 1st year) = 8, 79,725 x 100 53, 34,000 = 9. 27% (For the 2nd year)= 22, 67,175 X 100 94, 93,300 = 23. 88% (For the 3rd year)= 36, 04,336 X 100 94, 93,300 = 37. 97% COST OF CAPITAL= Int. on own capital + Int. on borrowed capital x 100 Capital employed. (For the 1st year)= 5, 60,070 x 100 53, 34,000 = 10. 50% (For the 2nd year)=8, 33,394 x 100 94, 93,300 =8. 78% (For the 3rd year)=7, 37,357 x 100 94, 93,300 =7. 77% GROSS PROFIT RATIO = Gross Profit x 100 Total Sales (For the 1st year)= 33, 65,475 x 100 1, 45, 30,644 = 29. 59% (For the 2nd year)=44, 76,587 x 100 1, 94, 85,167 =22. 97% (For the 3rd year)=55, 95,098 x 100 2, 43, 40,412 =23% NET PROFIT RATIO= Net Profit x 100 Total Sales (For the 1st year)= 14, 41,818 x 100 1, 45, 30,644 =9. 92% (For the 2nd year)=26, 49,962 x 100 1, 94, 85, 164 =13. 60% (For the 3rd year)=38, 48,641 x 100 2, 43, 30,412 =15. 82% BEP ANALYSIS. BEP (In Units) = Fixed Cost Contribution (For the 1st year)=32, 76,657 8. 73 = 3, 75,333 units (For the 2nd year)=32, 89,738 2. 15 =15, 30,111 units (For the 3rd year)=33, 59,912 8. 88 =3, 78,368 units BEP (In Rs. ) = BEP in Units x Selling Price (For the 1st year) = 3, 75,333 x 40 = 1, 50, 13,320 (For the 2nd year)=15, 30,111 x 40 =6, 12, 04,440 (For the 3rd year)=3, 78,368 x 40 =1, 51, 34,720 PROFIT & LOSS A/C Table no. 25 Particulars1st year2nd year3rd year Income Sales ADD: Closing Stock Total of Income 1,45,30,644 1,10,031 1,16,40,675 1,94,85,164 1,35,054 1,96,20,218 2,43,30,412 1,91,740 2,45,22,152 Expenditure Opening Stock. ADD: Purchase of R. M. Utility Wages Total of Expenditure – 1,08,96,000 1,68,000 2,11,200 1,12,75,200 1,10,031 1,45,28,000 2,24,000 2,81,600 1,51,43,631 1,35,054 1,81,60,000 2,80,000 3,52,000 1,89,27,050 GROSS PROFIT33,65,47544,76,58755,95,098 Other Expense Other exp. (Fixed) (Variable) Salary Depreciation Int. on own Capital Int. on borrowed Capital Total 84,000 84,000 3,90,000 4,31,250 6,14,367 3,20,040 19,23,657 84,000 1,12,000 3,90,000 3,51,938 6,14,367 2,74,320 18,26,625 84,000 1,40,000 3,90,000 2,41,000 6,14,367 2,28,600 17,46,457 NET PBT14,41,81826,49,96238,48,641 BALANCE SHEET (1st year) Table no. 26 ParticularsAmount (Rs.)Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoter’s Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 14,41,818 1,09,35,118 Assets Gross Block (Less: Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 24,03,750 18,85,336 65,36,001 1,10,031 1,09,35,118 BALANCE SHEET (2st year)Table no. 27 ParticularsAmount (Rs. )Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoter’s Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 26,49,962 1,21,43,262 Assets Gross Block (Less: Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 20,51,812. 24,89,099 74,67,297 1,35,054 1,21,43,262 BALANCE SHEET (3st year)Table no. 28 ParticularsAmount (Rs. )Amount (Rs. ) Liabilities Promoter’s Capital Borrowed Loan IDBI 13,33,500 GSFC 13,33,500 Profit and Loss A/C Total Liabilities 68,26,300 26,67,000 38,48,641 1,33,41,941 Assets Gross Block (Less: Depreciation) Debtor Cash on Hand Closing Stock Total Assets 17,62,322 28,46,970 85,40,909 1,91,740 1,33,41,941 INTRODUCTION Lawrence Apply wrote, management is the development of the people and not the direction of things. Employees hold a key place in business. No business enterprise can exist and function without employees. The plan of the business may be perfect and also structure of the organisation may be perfect but if the recruitment of personals is unscientific, the business can’t gown. Milk sense pvt. Ltd. will enrich with technically sound and convicted manpower. The average age of the employees will be 23 years, their total appears will be 500, and their technical strength will be approximately 170, staff strength of the Dairy will be 110 and trainee workers will be approximately 230, Development and empowerment is the trait of the H. R. D. functions. The trainer and workers get hostel facilities and other benefits. BATCHES AND FACILITIES. Milk sense will run 2 shifts and the employers are distributed to fulfil the requirement. 1st sift runs from 8. 00A. M to 8. 00 P. M 2ed sift runs from 8. 00P. M to 8. 00 A. M Besides these the employees will be given many benefits like: 1. Uniform change room 2. A good canteen facility 3. Bonus 4. Transportation Facilities etc. 1. Uniform change room In milk sense pvt. Ltd. Workers will be provided with a changing room because workers will have to work with a food product hence the milk should be pure and germ free for those workers will have to change their cloths before starting their respective work. 2. Canteen Facility. One canteens functioning at site, where Breakfast / snacks are available in the morning hour and lunch from 12:00p. m. To 2:30p. m. at fixed charges. Tea, coffee etc. will be served in the office two times in the morning hours and once in the afternoon. 3. Bonus During festival season and at time of high profits the company will give bonus to their workers and employees. 4. Transport facility The company provides free bus services to commute and from all corners of Rajkot, kuvadva. TRAINING PROGRAMME AND WORKSHOP The Hosiery training centre Ahmedabad trains operating and maintenance of staff in the Dairy and food industries. Technical facilities at the institute were augmented during the year to meet the needs of co-operatives and private sector industries 260 participants attended various courses at the institute during the year. Milk sense’s personnel department will involve activities such as, †¢To recruit and select the very best candidates available for each vacancy. †¢Develop personal performance through improvement processes, which contributes to the overall growth of the employees and workers. †¢To create effective, need – based, future – ready, flexible salary and wages systems. †¢To create and keep record of each employee and worker. SALARY AND QUALIFICATION Minimum Salary to the workers in the dairy is Rs. 100 per day besides this they are provided provident facility. They are given wages as per the factory act. Qualification:- All the employees of the milk sense pvt. Ltd. will have to get the qualification of ITI or graduation. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance Appraisal is a system evaluation of a works performance and potential for development. The overall objective of performance official duties is importance the efficiency of an enterprise by attempting to mobilize the best possible efforts from individual employed in it. The salary reviews, the development and training of individuals, planning, job ration, each and every firm has its own method to evaluate this performance. In Our Company we also measure the skills, ability, performance, important function of personnel management, which helps them to make important decision like training and development, promotion, transfer etc. In a company the head prepares performance of any candidate’s confidential report and it is presented to his highest authority. This report is managed to any candidate to transfer, promotion etc. INTRODUCTION Marketing is a very vital function of any industries. To reach high profits. Every company has to handle its marketing function with care. As the whole world is turning in to a global market marketing function is getting more important in every company. The term marketing is changing in the word. If the market does a good job understanding Consumer need develops product that provide superior value and price distributes and promoters then officially According to E. W. cundiff and R. R. still, â€Å"marketing management is concerned with the direction of purposeful activities towards the attainment of marketing goals. † The basic goal of marketing is satisfaction of needs of customers and generation of revenue for the business purpose. ? GENERAL INFORMATION In MILK SENSE PVT. LTD. marketing will be a basic activity for the total business it is market which sells and distributes products to the people who need them at a place they want at a time they require and at a price, they are prepared to pay of late marketing department. Milk sense will have attracted the increasing attention from companies and nations because it provides good quality of product. Milk sense also provides enough quantity with the respect to price Density price channel of distribution etc. are all made on the basis of the information picked up from the market through constant & systematic research. MARKETING MIX According to Ferrel, Lucas and Luck a product, with the target Market as focal point, serves as the starting point for the development of a marketing mix strategy and forms the basis for all other decisions regarding distribution, promotion and price. Decisions relating to the development and marketing of products include amongst others, decisions about product attributes, branding, packaging and labeling. Milk is classified as a consumer good rather than a business good. It can further be defined as a convenience good in that the customer is supposed to have complete knowledge of the product before purchasing it, and because it is also purchased with minimum effort. It is important that milk, as a convenience good, be readily available when and where the consumer needs to purchase it. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: The declining consumption of milk has become an international phenomenon. The consumption of soft drinks has tripled in this period, making them the most popular beverage, while milk is ranked fourth after coffee and tea. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: New product development should also take consumer trends into account, such as consumers of milk becoming more health conscious. Labels with ‘fat free’ and ‘cholesterol free’ are turning into the selling points of the future. Milk marketers are aware that consumers perceive milk as being fattening, so emphasis should be placed on giving customers the correct information. This is as easy as printing more information on the bottle labels. Low fat fresh milk is sold as containing 2 percent fat, while full cream milk has merely 1 percent more fat than the 2 percent milk. There is an increasing need for more information to be printed on labels. An example of such a segment is the diabetic consumers. The diabetic market is untouched, while numbers of diabetic consumers are increasing. It is apparent that full cream milk is generally prohibited in most diet schedules, while skimmed milk may be consumed in limited quantities. It is important for dairy researchers and decision makers to note that consumers are requiring more dietary information, and consumption may increase if details of the product are provided. PACKAGING: Most of the dairies selected for the study use a ‘family’ packaging strategy, which means that all products in the range are almost identically packed or have an important packaging characteristic in common. Packaging, however, has many functions. The most important functions of packaging are to contain the liquid, promote milk and provide storage. Another function which is becoming increasingly important today, is the recyclability of the package used. Companies are becoming more ‘environment friendly’ by using a recyclable package, which should result in less waste. Wholesalers and retailers prefer packages that are easy to ship, store and to pack. Consumers, however, look for items that are easy to handle, open and close. Towrope, for example, launched a screw top 1 liters bottle of milk. The consumer can therefore easily open or close this container, whilst freshness is maintained by preventing the milk from absorbing other odors. PRICE: While one price for milk is for example set for all final consumers, different consumers attach different meanings to the price they pay for a product. The consumer’s aim is to spend his/her income in a way that will afford him/her maximum satisfaction. Most dairy companies have price margins in which to deal. Milk being a basic food, has a low profit margin of around ten to fifteen percent. The dairy industry probably has to familiarize the consumer with an acceptable price of milk, such as 40 RS. Per liters and maintain that price. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR India’s dairy market is multi-layered. It’s shaped like a pyramid with the base made up of a vast market for low-cost milk. Consumers while purchasing dairy products look for freshness, quality, taste and texture, variety and convenience. Presently, barely 778 out of 3,700 cities and, towns are served by its milk distribution network, dispensing hygienically packed wholesome, quality pasteurized milk. According to one estimate, the packed milk segment would double in the next five years, giving both strength and volume to the modem sector. The narrow tip at the top is a small but affluent market for western type milk products. Of the three A’s of marketing – Availability, Acceptability and Affordability, Indian dairying is already endowed with the first two. People in India love to drink milk. Hence, no efforts are needed to make it acceptable. Its availability is not a limitation either, because of the ample scope for increasing milk production, given the prevailing low yields from dairy cattle. It leaves the third vital marketing factor affordability. How to make milk affordable for the large majority with limited purchasing power is essence of the challenge. One practical way is to pack milk in small quantities of 250 ml or less in polythene sachets. Already, the glass bottle for retailing milk has given way to single-use sachets which are more economical. Another viable alternative is to sell small quantities of milk powder in mini-sachets, adequate for two cups of tea or coffee. ADVERTISING As an entrepreneur in the milk industry milk sense first of will start its advertisement by providing free sample and giving advertisement in magazines and standard newspapers like â€Å"TIMES OF INDIA†. Fig. 9 An identified Sponsor can define advertising as a mass promotion of goods & services. As per many classical writer of management says â€Å"Effective Advertisement makes selling task half†. After a little success Milk sense will adopt the same strategy but in rigorous manner. The product of milk sense will be published on very popular T. V channels like â€Å"National Channels†, Zee T. V. † â€Å"SONY â€Å", â€Å"STAR PLUS† etc. Generally T. V. channels are most popular and suitable medium of such advertisement. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL. The distribution of fresh milk, being a perishable product with a limited shelf life of about 3 days, needs careful planning. It is important that all milk packages have a sell-by date printed on the product. This is an indication to the customer of the product’s freshness. If milk is uniformly priced, many customers consider their choice of purchase by checking the shelf life of the milk. Shelf life has become an important product benefit, which is associated with freshness. As competitive pricing strategies may urge customers to look for other benefits besides price, branding and ‘freshness’ become important.

Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Essays

Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Essays Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Paper Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Paper but on pretending to be mad, his speech loses all structure and just becomes blank verse. However, in the scene in the grave yard when he is with Horatio and the grave digger, his words are no longer written in prose. This could be Shakespeares way of showing that at points during the play, Hamlets melancholia is so severe, it could be said he is mad. One example from the text is in Act 3 Scene 4, when Hamlet is reproaching his mother, and he sees the ghost. When the ghost first appeared, the guards and Horatio saw him, as well as Hamlet. This time the ghost can be seen only by Hamlet, and this may be due to his guilty conscience that he is the tardy son. In conclusion, the theory put forth by Bradley does appear the most likely. Evidence to back up this is found in Hamlets first soliloquy O that this too too sullied flesh would melt. At this point in the play, he has no idea that his father did not die from a snake bite. Despite this, he is already contemplating suicide: that the Everlasting had not fixed/ His canon gainst self slaughter Even under the circumstances this reaction seems over the top. His unmanly grief as Claudius calls it may be due to his melancholia. It also explains his obsessive attention to detail, his swinging between moods and his hypochondriasis. This is one theory for which evidence can be found throughout the entire play, and which explains all of Hamlets actions. Bibliography i York Notes Advanced : Hamlet i Shakespeare: Hamlet by Sydney Bolt i The Birth of Tragedy by Walter Kaufman i Shakespearean Tragedies by Alan Sinfield i Shakespearean Tragedy by A. C. Bradley i Encarta 2000 reference suite i www. essaybank. co. uk i http://members. aol. com.

8 Resume Tips for Landing an Hourly Position

8 Resume Tips for Landing an Hourly Position Having a resume is necessary to get an hourly job, so knowing how to write a concise resume that highlights your qualifications can  get your foot in the door for that all-important first interview. A great resume is more than a mere list of positions you’ve held and your duties in those jobs. It is the way a job  seeker advertises him- or herself. Knowing what are the best practices for a resume is very important at helping you write your own. Here are a few tips on how to write a resume that stands out and will lead to a job offer. 1. Order is ImportantWhether you’re looking at part-time jobs or want a job full time, write your  resume in the same manner. Start off with your name and contact information, including phone number and email address, and check periodically to ensure that this information is current.Then, the first few sentences are your chance to  talk about qualities and achievements. Instead of using tired attributes such as â€Å"problem solver † or â€Å"creative talent,† connect your positive qualities with your work experience to show how you were an asset to the company.Finally, follow this with your skills and experience and list your education at the end.2. Highlight with Bullet PointsBullet points make a resume more easily scannable and help break up areas of text. By using bullet points, a hiring manager can quickly see if you are qualified for a job. Use a capital letter to begin each bullet point and, if you are writing in complete sentences, end with a period.3. Use Active VoiceUsing action verbs, such as planned, managed, or led, are words that are more easily noticeable and can make more impact with the hiring manager. Use present tense verbs for a job you currently hold and past tense for previous jobs.4. Don’t Include All JobsHiring managers are not interested in what jobs you held in high school, unless you are perhaps a recent college graduate and have a short resume. In this case, addi ng those summer jobs or volunteer work might show that you have a good work ethic and will be seen in a positive light. In other cases, include the most recent jobs in the last 10 or 15 years. This helps keep your resume short and makes it more likely the hiring manager will read it.5. Simple is BetterUsing colors, fancy fonts, and decorations is frowned upon;  this type or resume may end up on the bottom of the applicant pile. Hiring managers are looking for serious applicants and might  consider decorative resumes as frivolous. In addition, use a font that can be easily read.6. Be HonestBe honest about your education and work experience. Employers frequently check on employees, even after they are hired. If you don’t tell the truth on an application, you may not be keeping that job. If you apply for a job without the proper education, use your experience and training to show you can do the job.7. Check Spelling and GrammarIf you’re  applying for a job with a re sume that contains errors in spelling or grammar, you’re  less likely to be called for an interview. Proofreading your resume and using a spell-checker before finalizing  it  can help avoid errors.8. Leave Out Irrelevant InformationDon’t include hobbies, politics, religion, or family information on your resume. In addition, character references are unnecessary. If the hiring manager is interested in references, he or she will ask for them.Writing a good resume makes it easier to get a job when searching for part-time jobs or a full- time position. After writing a resume, the job search can begin. TheJobNetwork makes job hunting easier for all types of employment. After you enter your job interests and qualifications, we work around the clock to send you job alerts as soon as they appear. Sign up for job match alert so you don’t miss any opportunities to get hired for just the job you want.

Anomalies of Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anomalies of Water - Essay Example This is because the two hydrogen atoms have special way of bonding to the one oxygen atom whereby they get bonded to the top of the molecule. Subsequently, â€Å"this molecular structure gives the water molecule polarity or a lopsided electrical charge that attracts other atoms† (Home Science Tools, 2012). Because the molecule formed is charged to attract other atoms, it makes water gain its strong bonding, making surface tension and formation of droplets possible. Without any doubt, this anomaly of water makes it arguably the most important liquid, significant for life on earth. If for nothing at all, it is known that â€Å"It covers about 70% of Earths surface and it makes up 65-75% of our bodies (82% of our blood is water).† What this means is that without the stretching property of water, transport through 70% of the earth’s surface would have been cut off and made impossible because ships, boats and other water vessels would not have been able to travel on the surface of water. These objects would have simply sunk deep under water. Again, knowing that rains come in the form of droplets, the world would also have lacked the rain drops because water would have perhaps not had the property to flow all the way from the skies to the earth. This shows how perfectly water matches up in God’s design for the earth and life because as much as life would not have existed without water; water has been made in a way that makes it easier to be part of

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Ethics - Essay Example Among the main ethical issues, which various people faced with on a day-to-day basis, is whether to be deceptive or to be honest. Is deceptions justified or is honesty always the best policy? This paper will discuss the ethical dilemma in detail and give examples where both situations are favorable. Honesty and deception From an early age, people are taught that honesty is a virtue and that we will succeed if we continuously conduct ourselves in an honest manner as often as possible. However, it does not take long for people to realize that honesty does not always lead to success, as people who are most deceptive prosper on a daily basis throughout the world. This therefore leads people to have internal conflicts as to whether to adhere to the principle of honesty, since the urge to lie becomes greatly magnified (Dal Cero, 2009). All the great world religions teach that honesty is the desired virtue that all people must try to cultivate. They thus show honesty as being good. On the o ther hand, these religions teach that dishonesty and all its forms is a society vice and should therefore be discouraged. Thus, the religions paint dishonesty as being bad. Due to this, a person’s conscience is calmed if he/she is being honest. However, a person’s conscience is not at ease if he/she is being dishonest. The individual’s conscience is not usually at ease due to the possibility of damaging their reputation if they are discovered to have lied. In most instances, the individual comforts himself by the fact that the negative repercussions of telling the truth would be far much greater. Hence, by lying one avoids negative repercussions (Dal Cero, 2009). However, in most situations, the consequences of lying are much more complicated than their face value. Lying leads self-guilt, damage of the reputation and lack trust by other people should they discover that one was lying (Hall, 2010). Deception can be either verbal or non-verbal. In verbal deception, the individual willingly tells the other person information, which is generally not true. The individual may offer the misleading information in order to benefit from a certain situation. Non-verbal deception is a situation where the individual does actions that he wants to be interpreted in a way that is generally not true. Secrecy or the unwillingness of an individual to offer vital information willingly or upon request may also be considered as deception (Garner, n.d). Deception may also occur in the form of diversionary information. The individual may attempt to control the information that he/she offers and thus substitute the relevant information with information from another topic. By so doing, the individual attempts to reveal information he/she would like the listener to perceive as valuable, which is not the case (Turner, Edgley & Olmstead, 1975). Most people require that their friends and other people who they associate with are honest. However, people always leave room for some lies since the truth may sometimes be painful, hence making lies and pretence to be appropriate at certain times. Telling the truth at all times usually has dire consequences; for instance, imagine a situation where your wife asked you whether she looked fat in a certain dress when it was